Common Medicinal Plants, Fruits, Trees in the Fish Farm

Common Medicinal Plants, Fruits, Trees in the Fish Farm

Most rural folks in our farm village have access to basic health care, medical consultation or even hospitalization. 

A few hundred meters away is a barangay (village) health center staffed by a nurse and health workers. Also a bigger health center at the town proper with doctors and nurses.
 
For hospitalization or child birth, they go to the provincial hospital in San Carlos City or the regional hospital in Dagupan City. Both hospitals often give free doctor’s and hospital services, except medicine (which can be bought at reduced prices if one is indigent). For child birth, there are lying-in clinics in the village. Pls. see also my blog post on "How My Fish Farm Overseer's Niece Gave Birth to her Newborn for Free!".

For simple illnesses, such as headaches, colds, cough, body pains, etc., low-priced generic or even branded over-the-counter drugs are available at the local drug stores.
 
Yet, rural folks often tend to turn to medicinal plants, fruits, and trees to cure common illnesses. When they get sick, the younger ones seek advice from their elders who prescribe herbal treatment just as their ancestors did. Plants, trees, or fruits which can relieve or treat illnesses are just around the house, as they say.

“Eat this fruit, boil this bark and use it for bathing, drink this tea, pound these leaves into a paste and apply on your sore body, etc…..”

My "hilot" (local massage therapist) like Ka Virgie, is herself a strong advocate of herbal medicine. Click this to see my blog post on "Traditional Healing in the Fish Farm". She uses indigenous plants and trees commonly found in the farm and around the village.

Before our "hilot" session, Ka Virgie, my farm overseer, her visiting mother, and my assistant caretaker talked about herbal treatment of common illnesses. So I asked them which medicinal plants and trees are most popularly used in Pangasinan.

Here are the most used medicinal plants that they mentioned and the common uses (not meant to be a complete list but will add to them later). Note: some photos are not yet available.
 
1. Blumea camphor ("sambong" in Tagalog) (“subusob” in Ilocano) - pick some leaves, boil them, and drink as herbal tea. It will relieve pain when urinating. Also lowers blood pressure. Photo to follow.

2. Guava (“bayabas”) - get young shoots, put on a banana leaf, add oil, fold banana leaf, heat over ember on stove for 2 minutes. This is applied to the affected area to relieve contusions, muscle and joint pains, even arthritis. Another method is to pound fresh banana leaves in mortar and pestle and resulting poultice is used as in above.

Guava tree with its leaves

3. Five-leaved chaste tree ("lagundi" in Tagalog) (“dangla” in Ilocano) – boil chopped leaves (half cup) in water and drink half cup 3 times daily to relieve cough, colds, fever, flu, asthma.

Lagundi tree with its leaves beside our Main Pond

4. Lemon grass (“balanoy”) – get roots, clean and wash them, boil, and massage the chest to relieve chest pain or feeling of chest congestion. Photo to follow.

5. Fragrant premna (“alagaw” in Tagalog) (“agdao” in Pangasinense) – get 4 leaves, warm them over ember in stove, apply coconut oil on the leaves, and apply over temples and forehead to relieve headache.

Alagao tree with its leaves growing on the south dike of our Main Pond

6. Black honey shrub (“malatinta” in Tagalog and Pangasinense) – boil the leaves in a pot with water, take out the leaves, and wash the body with the boiled liquid to alleviate allergy or itchiness. 

A malatinta shrub which I grew on a pot in our garden. Normally found growing wildly in the vicinity like weeds

7. Avocado - boil the leaves, pour liquid over strainer into a cup, then drink to relieve diarrhea.

Avocado tree with its leaves in front of our farm house

8. Acacia – boil the leaves and use the liquid to wash the body of the new-born baby which has yellowish skin. Do once a day for four days.

A large acacia tree in a neighboring pond next to ours

9. Chives (“kusay”) – warm the leaves over firewood ember, apply coconut oil on the leaves, and massage over spinal column to relieve body pain. 

A clump of chives plants in a rubber pot outside our farm house

10. Turmeric (“luyang dilaw”) – for swelling due to sprain, pound using mortar and pestle, add coconut oil and apply on swollen part. Photo to follow.

11. Camachile (“kamatsile” in Tagalog) (“kamantilis” in Pangasinense) – eat the semi-ripe fruit to lower high blood sugar. Photo to follow.
 
12. Java plum (“duhat” in Tagalog), (“lomboy” in Pangasinense) – boil the bark and drink the liquid to lower high blood sugar.

A duhat tree growing beside our outdoor cooking shed

13. Cucumber Tree ("kamias" in Tagalog) – boil the leaves and pour into a plastic basin. Add enough water to make it lukewarm. Use the liquid to bathe a sick child.

A kamias tree with its leaves at the back of our farm house

14. Papaya – is cure for appendicitis. Early morning, eat the ripe fruit including seeds. Photo to follow.

15. Star apple (“kaimito”) – eat the fruit to relieve diarrhea.
 

A star apple tree. We don't have our own, but a neighbor has one as shown above

16. Moringa (“malunggay”) – boil the leaves only, plain, nothing added. Drink the liquid with the leaves. It’s best for cleaning up one’s intestines.

One of several moringa trees in our ponds. This one overlooks our main grow-out pond.

17. Coconut (“niyog”) – drink the coconut water before breakfast. Good for kidneys. Don’t drink with a full stomach, it becomes less effective. Also don’t drink when very tired or very hungry. 

A coconut tree with its fruits at the middle (beside our bamboo farm hut at the right)

18. Pineapple (“pina”) – let a child eat the fruit to expel intestinal worms; eat fruit to promote bowel movement. Photo to follow.

19. Banana (“saging”) – use young shoots (also called "suckers"), put over tummy to relieve gas pain. See the shoot become shriveled.

A clump of banana plants at the south dike of our Main Pond; the shoot or "sucker" is the young stem growing beside the main trunk of the plant; if allowed to grow, it will become a mature plant.

20. Onion (“sibuyas”) – heat the young onion called “lasona” over stove ember, mix with coconut oil, and apply over tummy area to relieve gas pain.

A basket of onions

 
21. Tamarind (“sampalok”) – boil the leaves, pour the liquid including leaves into a plastic basin. Mix with enough tap water to make it lukewarm. Use as bath (“banos” in Pangasinense) for fever, after child birth, and after an illness.

Sampaloc tree leaves

22. Bignay – boil the leaves, pour the liquid into a glass over a strainer. Drink the liquid to lower blood sugar level. 

A young bignay tree near our bamboo shed

23. Bitter gourd or bitter melon (“ampalaya” in Tagalog) – get the leaves, mix with the white of an egg. Massage on the forehead, nape and back (but not on the chest) to relieve high fever. Photo to follow.
 
24. Anonas – bark is a strong hex (“kulam”) shield. Wear it as a belt or bracelet.

25. Neem tree - boil the leaves, pour the liquid into a glass over a strainer. Drink 2 glasses to relieve diarrhea. Used also to normalize menstrual flow.

Neem tree leaves

26. Cassava ("kamoteng kahoy", "kahoy" in Pangasinense) - use the leaves as poultice for fever and headache; eat the root crop to relieve ulcer and use same as poultice applied on wounds. Photo to follow.

27. Sweet Potato ("kamote") - eat leaves to lower blood sugar, tuber to stimulate bowel movement or apply leaves as poultice on wounds, even pimples. Photo to follow.

28. Tomato ("kamatis") - eat the fruit to relieve asthma or apply on skin burns caused by oil splatters while cooking. Photo to follow.

29. Philippine Lime or Calamondin ("kalamansi") -  use leaves with others for warm herbal bath (see my blog post on "Traditional Healing in the Fish Farm"; use squeezed juice of fruit to dry pimples; rub fruit halves into armpits to eliminate underarm odor (much better than commercial deodorants).

A calamansi tree near our manual water pump

30. Guyabano - boil leaves and drink as your daily tea as remedy for various illnesses (I drink this myself). For oily skin, apply juice from the fresh meat of fruit on face.

Guyabano tree, leaves and a young fruit beside our farm bamboo shed

 
31. Dalanghita - squeeze fresh rind and smell to relieve one from nausea caused by motion sickness. I like squeezing two pieces of the fruits and mix it with powdered juice in a large glass of water (with ice but no sugar). Stir and drink - will prevent colds.

Our dalanghita tree with its fruits

32.  Atis - don't throw the hard seeds after eating the fruit. Grind or crush them, then mix with coconut oil and apply on your young daughter's scalp. They say it's good for removing hair lice ("lisa").

A young atis tree which already bore fruits

33. Kangkong - tender tops are not only popular as boiled veggie soaked in shrimp paste with vinegar to be eaten with fried fish. Also eaten to promote vowel movement. It's also believed that when eaten, kangkong tops lower high blood sugar.

Kangkong growing at the side of one of our ponds

 

34. Mango ("mangga") - eat the fruit to relieve indigestion and constipation. Use the dried powdered leaves to lower blood sugar. 

A young mango tree near our bamboo farm hut. Used to be a medium sized almost mature tree but felled by a typhoon (luckily survived). Branches you see shooting up are quite new. We have a number of mature trees in the farm.

35. Katuray (Corkwood tree)(sesbania grandiflora) - we use the juice from flowers for curing headache. Some neighbors think that the flowers lower blood pressure, although this may be anecdotal.

A katuray tree leaning toward our main grow-out pond. It bears white flowers which are also used as veggie ingredients for certain mongo-based dishes, aside from their medicinal use.

 
36. Saluyot - used to relieve fever. Chop the washed fresh leaves of the plant into small pieces, put in a pitcher, add boiled water then let stand for about 10 minutes. Add a little sugar, stir then strain. Drink a glass every eight hours to relieve fever.

Saluyot leaves already picked. Not only are these used medicinally, the leaves are popularly used for veggie dishes.

A saluyot plant growing near our fence

For a complete list of Fish Pond Buddy blog posts on fish farm-related topics, please click the Index page.

Traditional Healing in the Fish Farm

Traditional Healing in the Fish Farm

Two months ago, I felt sporadic pain at the lower back, radiating to the buttocks, thighs and legs. Sort of like pain in the nerve. Found it hard to walk, felt tired and just wanted to stop, sit down, and rest. Although it was not constant and just appeared suddenly, say while walking, the pain slowed me down. At the fish farm, the pain was on and off.

In addition, there was a feeling of numbness and prickling at the buttocks and thighs. Like pins and needles. As if something was pushing on my nerves at the back. Like nerves or veins that went out of whack or inflamed (“naipitan ng ugat” “maga na ugat” in Tagalog).

My farm overseer suggested that I go see a local “hilot” (touch/massage therapist) to have my back checked. So we went to Canaoalan, a nearby village in Binmaley where my assistant caretaker lives. They asked their long-time “hilot” from Carael, next village, to come over and have a look.

This was my first personal experience in folk healing while in the fish farm. This type of alternative treatment is a vital part of the culture and tradition of our village folks and their ancestors.

Hilot

"Hilot" usually refers to therapeutic/pressure massage using coconut oil (mixed with ginger and kerosene). My "manghihilot" (also called "hilot" for short)(touch/massage therapist) is a 57 years old lady who has been practicing her craft for 17 years and according to her, has treated thousands of patients using her "hilot" therapy. Included are those who can hardly walk, but were able to do so after several "hilot" sessions with her.

Ingredients of "hilot" oil - kerosene (top), coconut oil (right), diced ginger (bottom); left is the combined mix

A jar of "hilot" oil, consisting of coconut oil, ginger, kerosene

Her main diagnostic tool is feel or touch of her hands. She says she can determine if there is “pilay” (sprain or pinched nerve) or patient is merely suffering from “lamig” (coldness trapped in tissues and veins), like in my case. She says she knows if a patient is afflicted with arthritis. Luckily I don’t have it yet at my age, she told me.

Ka Virgie (the “hilot” for short) massaged my back using a coconut oil mix she concocted, as in above. She said she can feel the cold (“lamig”) on my back with her hands. Later she observed cold sweat being expelled from my back, saying they contain toxins and wastes.

Unexpelled, the toxins will accumulate and cause heavy feeling, lower back pain, numbness. The "lamig" will also cause the swelling of the veins (“madami kang hangin” “maga ang ugat mo”, “matataba ang ugat mo” in Tagalog) (“you have lots of air trapped in your body tissues”, “your veins are swollen”) she said.

Ka Virgie said the massage will relax and loosen up muscles and cold is absorbed by the oil. During the massage, the oil was quickly absorbed into my body and in turn cold sweat came out. I felt physical relief and relaxed after the "hilot" session.
 
Later, she told me not to take a bath until next day and not to go out in the open. Also to avoid directing a fan to my body, especially at the back. Put it in swivel mode, she said. Also, she advised me to change shirts as soon as they get wet. To put towel or newspaper underneath the back of shirt, while working.

Those who routinely experience “hilot” therapy (like my farm workers) say it gives them a feeling of relaxation, creates good circulation in the massaged portion like the back and lower back, reduces muscle pain, straightens nerves, muscles, tendons, veins; removes sweat from body that contains toxins and wastes.

After the "hilot" session, she also told me to drink hot liquid and not to take a bath or go out, as the coldness might reenter the body. For water, better to stick to tap water, avoid drinking cold water. Fruits are allowed but should be balanced by drinking hot tea. Hot soup (like cup noodles) was also suggested.

Meanwhile, my wife who is a nurse, suggested that I take Vitamin B-12 (to prevent nerve damage) and also Fish Oil capsule (to balance the cold energy in the body).

At Ka Virgie’s suggestion, I went through a more complete "hilot" treatment, two weeks later during my next trip. It took one whole week to complete the treatment. 

Actual hilot was scheduled every other day for three days. It involved massage of my head, arms, whole of back up to top of buttocks, thighs and legs. Pressure was applied on palms and soles of feet. Also along arteries in the arms, thighs and legs, which can be painful at first.

On the last day, Ka Virgie prepared a herbal bath in a plastic basin with the help of my farm overseer. The herbal bath used a mix of five leaves from around our farm house, such as "sampaloc" (tamarind tree), "lagundi" (five-leaved chaste tree), "kamias" (cucumber tree), "kalamansi" (Philippine lime tree), and "tsaang gubat" (wild tea plant). The herbal mix was boiled and poured into a plastic basin.

"Sampaloc" (tamarind) tree leaves

"Lagundi" (five-leaved chaste tree) leaves

 "Kamias" (cucumber tree) leaves

"Kalamansi" (Philippine lime) tree leaves

"Tsaang gubat" (wild tea) plant leaves

While I took a bath using the lukewarm herbal solution, Ka Virgie also attended to my wife, who went through a one-time “hilot” session.

After my herbal bath, Ka Virgie prepared the final treatment in the one-week regimen. This was a herbal steam session. The steam came from the same batch of boiled mix of leaves above. The newly boiled mix was poured into a plastic basin. A plastic stool was placed above the basin. I was asked to sit down on the stool with a blanket wrapped around my body and over my head and covering the entire basin, while the steam rose and was trapped inside the blanket.

Herbal steam bath from boiled leaves of the following: clockwise from top left - tsa, sampaloc, kalamansi, lagundi, kamias

I sweated profusely inside the blanket during the steam session. After that I was asked to stay indoors, wait for two hours, since sweating continued to a lesser degree. When sweating completely stopped, alcohol was rubbed throughout my body to close all the pores.

The “hilot” reminded me to stay indoors for the next 12 hours and not to use the fan. Also to avoid being exposed to wind coming from the north (i.e., sea breeze in our locality).

During the next days after my “hilot” treatment, I felt as good as new. But I had to follow all the instructions, to prevent the “lamig” (cold) from reentering my body.

Next time you get the symptoms I had, try going to a local “hilot”, instead of taking painkillers or other NSAID pills.

Tawas

In this day and age, quite a number of farm folks still believe in the local "diviners" (“magtatawas”) for diagnosing certain malady. They’ll say “I’ll take my daughter to the "magtatawas” (local diviner). “Ipapatawas ko ang anak ko” i.e., (I’ll have her diagnosed using folkloric ritual involving “tawas”).

"Tawas" is a diagnostic ritual popular among rural folks, including my farm overseer and her relatives, aimed at determining the nature of illness and probable cause. “Tawas” (alum in English) is an astringent and is one of the traditional materials used by local "diviners" to diagnose illness.

Under the usual practice, the "diviner" holds the “tawas”, makes the sign of the cross (Philippines is predominantly Catholic) over the forehead and other parts of the patient’s body, and mumbles prayers (“bumubulong”).

Afterwards, she burns the “tawas” in charcoal, then soaks it in water. Upon cooling, the “tawas” spreads and assumes a particular form or shape giving the "diviner" a hint as to what causes the illness. 

The patient, according to her, could have been "victimized" by earth dwellers, hexed, cast a spell by the devil, or bewitched by unseen spirits (“nanuno sa punso”, “nakulam”, “nademonyo”, “binati ng di nakikitang spirito” in Tagalog) . Water is then applied to the affected body and “tawas” thrown out.

Other variations adopted by "diviners" - use an egg instead of alum. The egg is held and sign of the cross made on the patient’s forehead. After saying a prayer, the egg is cracked and the egg white and yoke dropped in a glass filled with water. The figure that turns out is then interpreted.

My farm overseer regularly consults a "magtatawas" ("diviner") in Burgos, Binmaley who uses palay grain in the ritual. She removes the hull of nine grains, gets three pieces, makes the sign of the cross over a saucer filled with water, mumbles a prayer, then drops the three grains on the water.

She reportedly repeats the process two more times until all the nine grains are in the water. The nine grains take a particular form. The "diviner" interprets the form and tells what the patient’s illness is and the likely cause(s).

Usually she tells the mother that the baby has sprain or pinched nerve (“pilay” in Pangasinense) or (“naipit na ugat” in Tagalog). She then advises the mother to take the child to a “hilot”, like Ka Virgie, for treatment.

Other diagnoses are more folkloric: “nanuno sa punso”, “namatanda”, or “nalamang lupa” ("victimized" by earth dwellers who were disturbed or displeased).

In this case of “nuno sa punso”, the treatment requires one to take a blind leap of faith and keep a strong sense of belief in something intangible or unprovable. The magtatawas gives the patient’s mother some chewed betel nut mix (“nganga”) in a small bag. 

Her instructions: place the chewed mix in a house altar, light a candle over it, and say some common Catholic prayers (Our Father, Hail Mary, Glory Be).

To aid in diagnosing where the "hilot" is to be directed, a banana leaf is sometimes used to pass over the patient's back. The belief is that if the leaf sticks to a certain part of one’s back, that’s the area of malady or imbalance that needs treating. Otherwise the leaf should have passed over the back smoothly. (Note: my "hilot", Ka Virgie, didn't need to do this. She diagnoses using touch).

In addition to banana leaf, the leaves of the annatto (“atsuete” in Tagalog) dipped in coconut oil can also be used to pinpoint where the pain or area of malady is located.

For a complete list of Fish Pond Buddy blog posts on fish farm-related topics, please click the Index page.

How to Make Fermented Rice-Fish Mix ("Buro") at the Fish Farm

How to Make Fermented Rice-Fish Mix ("Buro") at the Fish Farm

Last week, we drained a grow-out pond, and took out the remaining fish stock. We caught, among others, tilapia. At the market, we sold most of them. We left a few for cooking at the farm house and gave away the rest.

From the remaining tilapia, my farm overseer picked up about 30 pieces of small sized ones to make fermented tilapia-rice mix (“buro”). 

"Burong tilapia", for locals, is a delicious side dish to a main meal (usually fish and boiled vegetables, such as okra).

"Buro", with its salty-sour flavor, makes the taste buds of regular eaters come alive. It whets one’s appetite and makes a simple meal of cooked rice, boiled okra, and fried fish extra special indeed.

"Buro" however, is one of those food items which are acquired tastes. Not great to some at once, but when you get used to it, it slowly grows on you, and you get to love it and crave for more. Just like blue cheese, or a local favorite - "balut" (boiled fertilized duck egg).

"Buro"-making is just one of the common methods of food preservation that rural folks in our locality adopt. Generally, they’re used to cooking only what they can eat in one meal. The family consumes any leftovers in the next meal or, at most, the following day. Beyond that, spoilage will set in due to warm weather and action of bacteria.

There are a few times when fish, vegetables, or fruits in excess come their way. Examples are small tilapia after a harvest, or green mangoes picked from the tree, or a bunch of kamias hanging from the tree at the backyard, or santol fruits given by a neighbor.

These are all perishable food and to keep them longer, farm folks (including my overseer and cook), preserve them. Just like what their parents, and grandparents did.

Here are the most common and cheapest methods of preserving food among rural folks.

1. Sun-Drying

Pangasinan in Northern Luzon (and entire Philippines for that matter) has lots of sunny days especially during dry season. So preservation through sun-drying is a common practice and part of a tradition that goes back a long way.

Our way of making sun-dried tilapia is described in my blog post “How to Clean and Make Sun-Dried Tilapia”. Click this.

By the way, the popular “tuyo” fish (dried salted Philippine herring or “tunsoy” in Tagalog) is another example of the sun-drying method of preservation. "Tuyo" however goes through the process of brining before sun-drying.

2. Pickling

This is another way of preserving vegetables or fruits through immersion in water-vinegar-salt mix. In our fish farm, my cook usually makes pickled kamias, green carabao mango, and santol.

Home-made pickled mango

The procedure is quite simple.

· Kamias - wash the kamias fruits and cut off a bit at the upper and bottom portions. Set aside.

· Mango - wash the fruit, peel off the skin. Cut the mango fruit lengthwise down to the seed (in half inch width). Set aside the sliced pieces.

· Santol – wash, remove the rind of the santol fruit. Make around 5 incisions on the body of the santol lengthwise. Remove the seeds. Set aside the fruit pieces.

· Insert the fruit(s) into the bottle. Add one level spoon of rock salt.

· Mix equal quantity of water and local vinegar (such as nipa or sugar cane vinegar) in a container. Fill up the bottle with the water-vinegar mix until the fruits are fully immersed. Shake. Cover tightly.

· Wait for two weeks for kamias, three weeks for mangoes, and four weeks for santol. They will be fermented and ready to eat by then.

3. Fermenting (such as the Making of Rice-Tilapia Mix or "Burong Tilapia") 

Procedures are described below.

a. Prepare the following ingredients: 

• boiled rice 
• salt 
• fresh tilapia (cleaned up, ready for fermenting). Click this to see my blog post on how to clean tilapia.
• glass jar
• diced garlic
• diced ginger

Fresh and newly cleaned up small-sized tilapia

Newly boiled rice and a jar of salt

Two glass jars, diced ginger and garlic

b. Sprinkle salt on the plateful of rice.
 

Adding salt to the plateful of rice

c. Sprinkle salt on the tilapia in the plastic basin. Note: to allow fermentation and softening of fish bones within three to four days, add only half a tablespoon of salt.

Applying salt to the tilapia in the basin

d. Crush the diced ginger and mix it with the rice on the plate.

Adding diced and crushed ginger to rice

e. Crush the diced garlic (or mince it some more) and mix it with the rice.

Adding diced and crushed garlic to rice

 f.  Insert the first layer of tilapia at the bottom of the glass jar.
 

Inserting first layer of tilapia into the jar

g. Cover the first layer of tilapia with the first layer of rice in the jar.

Covering the first layer of tilapia with the first layer of rice

h. Continue inserting the second alternating layers of tilapia and rice; follow with a third layer, fourth layer and so on.

The glass jar showing four layers of tilapia and rice

i. Continue inserting the layers of fish and rice, one after the other, until the glass jar is full (total of seven layers in our own jar).

A full jar with seven layers of tilapia and rice

j. Fill up the other glass jar with the tilapia and rice mix in alternating layers until all ingredients are used up.

Two full jars ready to be covered

k. Cover the glass jar with a piece of aluminum foil. Secure the foil over the jar by tying down with rubber band or string. Then cover tightly with the plastic jar lid.  

Two covered jars of "burong" tilapia ready for fermentation

l. Store the bottles in a cool place and wait for three to four days for the "buro" to fully ferment. After four days, saute the entire content of the bottle in cooking oil, minced garlic and onions and a pinch of "Magic Sarap" seasoning.

Other Food Preserving Methods

1. Sugar Curing – addition of sugar is one way of protecting food such as (coconut, kamias, santol) from spoilage because of its ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria or microbes. My farm overseer knows how to do this.

2. Smoking – involves two main steps: brining and smoking of the fish in a smokehouse. A common product of this preservation method is the “tinapang galunggong" (smoked mackerel or scad) available in the market or “tinapang bangus” (smoked bangus). 

This method is not a common household activity. It's mostly adopted by a family engaged in the backyard business of making and selling smoked fish.

If you want the unique taste of a smoked deboned bangus, go to a smoking shop at the Dagupan fish center to have your deboned bangus smoked for a fee.

3. Canning applies mostly to shrimp paste ("bagoong alamang") in our locality. A cannery in Lingayen City packs the foodstuff in a can for a customer who ships the canned shrimp paste as gift item to a relative or friend. Canning is not done by ordinary folks at home. They’d rather just buy canned goods which they can stock for a longer time.

4. Bottling as preservation method is mostly done by those engaged in the business of selling bottled products (such as bottled bangus sardines, or bottled gourmet “tuyo” (“dried salted Philippine herring”)).

5. Freezing, for sure, is beyond the means at this time of the ordinary rural family. Initial cost of buying a freezer or even a fridge is high enough. But added monthly electricity cost would be a burden.

For a complete list of Fish Pond Buddy blog posts on fish farm-related topics, please click the Index page.